https://doi.org/10.30702/Ophthalmology31032021-12.1.113-121/576.311
UDC 617.7:576.311.347 (048.8)

Pavlova L. S.¹, Gazizova I. R.², Alekseev V. N.³, Alekseev Yu. A.³

¹AlKadi Medical Group, Dorrat Alkadi Polyclinic, 7036 AlAziza AlDjadidah 3418, Tabuk, 47911, Saudi Arabia
²Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science “Institute of the Human Brain named after N. P. Bekhterevoy”, Saint Petersburg, Russia
³North-Western State Medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Abstract
This review of modern literature presents the issue of early diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) which is one of the most important problems in ophthalmology. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of glaucoma patients all over the world ranges from 60.5 to 105 million people, and in the next 10 years it will increase by another 10 million. The subtle onset of the disease usually leads to late diagnosis, since visual field defects are often first detectable by visual field testing when 25–35% of retinal ganglion cells have already been lost. In modern studies, it has been established that the cell death in POAG is accompanied by oxidative stress. It is considered a key factor indicating the pathological process of a fairly large number of chronic diseases of the whole body, including complicated eye pathologies and inflammatory processes. The resulting free radicals oxidize lipids and phospholipids which leads to their peroxidation and triggers damage to cell membranes. The lipid peroxidation is one of obligatory processes occurring in neurodegenerative conditions including POAG. Modern technologies analyzing lipid peroxidation may accelerate the diagnosis, to identify glaucoma biomarkers at an earlier stage, and as a result to maintain quality of vision more efficiently. These studies were carried out in different countries and using different methods such as serological proteomic analysis, chromatography and mass spectrometry, and new technological approaches such as MultiOmics.
The study of the protein profile, lipase activity, nitric oxide concentration, activity of carbonic anhydrase enzyme, malondialdehyde (MDA) and other compounds are also very informative. Various fluids were taken as a basis for the study: tears, aqueous humor of the anterior chamber, blood and its components. Together these technologies enable to evaluate the oxidative process in different ways. Earlier diagnosis of glaucoma is very important as it will enable to maintain the quality of vision for a longer time and reduce the rate of the disease progression.

Keywords: primary open-angle glaucoma, lipid peroxidation, lacrimal fluid, serum.